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Classic Articles > Nonsurgical Endodontics

±Ù°üÄ¡·áÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ¼ú½Ä°ú °ü·ÃÇÑ ³í¹®µéÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

1. Working Length
  1) Burch J, Hulen S. The relationship of the apical foramen to the anatomic apex of the tooth root. Oral Surg 34:262-268, 1972
   

*rationale of endodontic treatment 3-2) ¿Í °°À½

*°¢Ä¡±ÙÀÇ anatomic apex·Î ºÎÅÍ major foramen deviationÀÇ ¹æÇâ, Á¤µµ, ¹ß»ýÀ² Æò°¡

#major foramenÀÇ º¯À§À² 78.0~98.9%, Æò±Õ 92.4%
#ÃÖÀå Æò±Õ º¯À§ ÇÏ¾Ç ±¸Ä¡ ¿ø½É Ä¡±Ù 0.78mm
#ÃÖ¼Ò Æò±Õ º¯À§ ÇÏ¾Ç ÀüÄ¡ 0.46mm
#¸ðµç Ä¡±Ù Æò±Õ º¯À§ 0.59mm

  2) Huang L. An experimental study of the principle of Electronic root canal measurement. J Endod 13(2):60-64, 1987.
   

*Electric root canal measurement(ERCM) ¿¬±¸

#Sunada(1958) the theory of biological characteristic(BC); ±Ù°üÀ» ÅëÇÑ ÇùÁ¡¸·°ú Ä¡ÁÖÀÎ´ë »çÀÌÀÇ ÀúÇ×°ªÀº 6.5¿ÈÀ¸·Î ÀÏÁ¤

#ERCMÀÇ ¿ø·¡, BC¸¸À¸·Î ¼³¸í ¾î·Á¿ò
#ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ÀúÇ×°ªÀÌ ¾ò¾îÁø ÀÌÀ¯´Â reamer¿Í saline »çÀÌ Á¢Âø¸éÀûÀÌ ÀÏÁ¤Çϱ⠶§¹®
#±Ù´Ü°ø Á÷°æÀÌ Å¬¼ö·Ï ´õ ªÀº ÃøÁ¤°ª
#½ÄÁ¦Ä¡¾Æ ¾Æ´Ñ À¯¸®°ü¿¡¼­ ÃøÁ¤Çصµ ºñ½ÁÇÑ °á°ú

#¿ø¸®´Â ¹°¸®ÇÐÀû °úÁ¤À̸ç, ±Ù°ü³» ¼öºÐ°ú ±Ù´Ü°ø Á÷°æ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâ ¹ÞÀ½

  3) Mayeda D. In vivo measurement accuracy in vital and necrotic canals with the Endex Apex locator. J Endod 19(11):545-548, 1993.
   

*Endex¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±«»ç, »ýȰġÀÇ ±Ù°üÀåÃøÁ¤ÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ È®ÀÎ

#Major diameter¿¡¼­ ºñ±³Àû ÀÏÁ¤Çϰí ÀçÇö°¡´ÉÇÑ ¼öÄ¡ ¾ò¾îÁü
#Vital -0.71-0.50 Æò±Õ -0.057
#Necrotic -0.86~0.43 Æò±Õ -0.11

  4) Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement OS OM OP 79(2):226-231, 1995.
   

*±Ù°üÀå ÃøÁ¤±âÀÇ ¿ø¸® ¼³¸í

#Á÷·ù´Â °©ÀÌ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±³·ù »ç¿ë
#Impredance method: Á¶Á÷¾×°úÀÇ Á¢ÃË impredance ÃøÁ¤
#Root ZX; µÎ°¡Áö Á֯ļöÀÇ impedance ÃøÁ¤ ÈÄ ¼­·ÎÀÇ ºñÀ²À» ºñ±³

  5) Lauper R, Lutz F, Barbakow F. In Vivo comparison of gradient and absolute impedence electronic apex locators. J Endod 22(5):260-263, 1996.
   

*Gradient impedance method¿Í absolute impedance base device(°ÇÁ¶±Ù°ü¿¡¼­ ÃøÁ¤)¸¦ ¼­·Î ºñ±³

#gradient typeÀÌ ÃøÁ¤¹üÀ§°¡ Á¼¾Æ Á¤È®µµ ³ô¾ÒÀ¸³ª ±Ù´ÜºÎ·Î ³Ñ¾î¼­ ÃøÁ¤µÈ ºñÀ²ÀÌ ³ôÀ½ (70% vs 36.6%)

 

6) Tamarut T, Kovacevic M, Uhac I. Detection of a transitional ionconcentration zone during electronic measurement of root canal length: a study in vitro. International Endod J 33(4):374-380, 2000.

   

*±Ù°ü ¾È¹ÛÀÇ ÀÌ¿Â³óµµ º¯È­°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ³ÐÀº ±Ù´Ü°ø¿¡¼­ resistance type ±â±¸ÀÇ ÃøÁ¤½ÇÇè

#transitional concentration zone; È®»êÀÇ °á°ú·Î ³óµµ°æ°è »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ »ý±â´Â equilibrium zone, ¿©±â¼­´Â º¯¼ºÄ¡¼ö¿Í °ÇÀüÄ¡±Ù´Ü Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °³³ä
#Agar, ±Ù´Ü¿ÜÀú³óµµ/±Ù°ü³»°í³óµµ(±æ°ÔÃøÁ¤), ±Ù°ü¿Ü°í³óµµ/±Ù°ü³»Àú³óµµ(ª°ÔÃøÁ¤)
#transitional concentration zoneÀÌ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì resistance typeÀº ±Ù°üÀå ÃøÁ¤ ºÒ°¡

  7) Kim E, Lee SJ. Electronic Apex Locator. Dent Clin North Am 48:35-54, 2004.
   

*Electric apex locator ¼³¸í

#CDJ, minor foramen, apical constriction; ÀÛ¾÷Àå¿¡ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »ý¸®ÇÐÀû Ä¡±Ù´Ü ÇѰè
#ÃøÁ¤Ä¡°¡ ³Î¶Û ¶§; ´©Àü
#ÃøÁ¤°©ÀÌ °©Àڱ⠵îÀå; ±Ù°ü °ÇÁ¶½Ã
#ÃʱâºÎÅÍ ±Ù´ÜºÎ sign; °úµµ »ïÃâ¾×À̳ª ÃâÇ÷, õ°ø
#premature reading; open apex¿¡¼­ true apex foramenº¸´Ù ª°Ô ÀÐÈ÷´Â °æÇâ; thin dentinal wall¿¡¼­ impedance ratio gradiantÀÇ sharp drop ¶§¹®

   
2. Preparation of the Root Canal System (I)
  1) Schilder H. Cleaning and Shaping the Root Canal. Dent Clinic North Am 18(2):269-296, 1974.
   

*±Ù°ü³» ±â±¸Á¶ÀÛÀÇ ¿øÄ¢ Á¦½Ã

*SchilderÀÇ ±â°èÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇüÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢
#¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î Á¼¾ÆÁö´Â ±òµ¥±â ÇüÅÂ
#Ⱦ´Ü¸éÀº ±Ù÷ºÎ·Î °¥¼ö·Ï Á¼¾ÆÁö°í ±Ù°ü¿Íµ¿À¸·Î °¥¼ö·Ï ³Ð¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÔ
#¿ø·¡ÀÇ ±Ù°ü, Ä¡±Ù¸¸°îµµ¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϸç È®´ë
#±Ù´Ü°øÀº ¿ø·¡ÀÇ °ø°£Àû °ü°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÔ
#±Ù´Ü°øÀº °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÛ°Ô À¯Áö

#file(push-pull, in-and-out, ºÎ½º·¯±â ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ß»ý), reamer(1/2ȸÀü, ºÎ½º·¯±â Á¦°Å, ¸¸°î±Ù°ü¿¡ »ç¿ë ºÎÀûÀý)
#twist(file>reamer), blade°£ °Å¸®(file<reamer)

  2) Mullaney TP. Instrumentation of Finely Curved Canals. Dent Clinic North Am 23(4):575-592, 1979.
   

*Step back ¼³¸í

#°¡´Ã°í ±æ°Ô ¸¸°îµÈ ±Ù°ü¿¡¼­ ±Ù´Ü°øÀÇ 4%Á¤µµ ÀÛÀº º¯À§ À¯¹ß

  3) Abou-Rass M, Frank AL, Glick DH. The anticurvature filing method to prepare the curved root canal. J Amer Dent Assoc 101:792-794, 1980.
   

*Anticurvature ¼³¸í

#circumferential (Ä¡±ÙÁß¾Ó¿¡ ±Ù°üÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì À¯¿ë)
#anticurevature (bulkyÇÑ Ä¡±ÙºÎÀÇ safe zone ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±â±¸Á¶ÀÛ)

  4) Goerig AC, Michelich RJ, Schultz HH. Instrumentation of root canals in molar using the step-down technique. J Endod 8(12):550-554, 1982.
   

*Step down ¼³¸í

#PreGate -> Ä¡°üºÎ¼ºÇü -> ±Ù´ÜºÎ¼ºÇü
#±Ù´ÜºÎ¿¡ Á÷¼±Àû Á¢±ÙÀ» ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¹æÇØ»ó¾ÆÁú Á¦°Å, Ä¡¼öÁ¶Á÷ÀÜ»ç ¿À¿°¹° Á¦°Å, ±Ù°ü¼¼Ã´Á¦ ħÅõ, ¹Ì¸® ±Ù°ü¸¸°îÀ» ÁÙ¿© ÀÛ¾÷Àå º¯È­°¡ ¾øÀ½

  5) Roane JB, Sabala CL, Duncanson MG. The "Balanced Force" Concept for Instrumentation of Curved Canals. J Endod 11:203-211, 1985.
   

*Balanced force ¼³¸í

#»ï°¢´Ü¸é(vs »ç°¢´Ü¸é); ¿ã´Ü¸éÀû°¨¼Ò(37.5%), flute depth Áõ°¡, ȸº¹·Â°¨¼Ò(62.5%), ¸¸°î±Ù°ü¿¡ À¯¿¬¼º ¶§¹®¿¡ °¡º­¿î ȸº¹·Â º¸ÀÓ
#fileÀû¿ë(½Ã°è¹æÇâ, 45~90µµ, 180µµÀÌÇÏ·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ±Ù´ÜºÎ ³Ñ´Â°ÍÀ» ¸·À½) -> file»èÁ¦(¹Ý½Ã°è, 120µµ ÀÌ»ó, ±Ù´ÜºÎ ÁøÇà) -> flute leading(½Ã°è, Ä¡°üºÎÂÊ À̵¿, ÀÜ»çÁ¦°Å)

  6) Powell SE. A comparison of the effect of modified and nonmodified instrument tips on apical canal configuration. J Endod 12:293-300, 1986.
   

*º¯Çü, »èÁ¦Ã·À» °®´Â ±â±¸ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ Æò°¡

#modified-tip K-file -> wall ±ÕµîÁ¦°Å, smooth prep, ¼ºÇü ¾ç ÅëÁ¦ °¡´É

  7) Fairbourn DR. The effect of four preparation techniques on the amount of apically extruded debris. J Endod 13:102-, 1987.
   

*Ä¡°üºÎ pre0flareing½Ã ±Ù´ÜºÎ·Î ¹èÃâµÇ´Â debris ¾ç Æò°¡

#¹Ì¸® Ä¡°üºÎ¸¦ ³ÐÈ÷°Å³ª, ÃÊÀ½ÆÄ·Î ²ÙÁØÈ÷ ¼¼Ã´ÇÑ °æ¿ì, ±Ù´ÜºÎ Á¤ÃâµÈ Àܻ簡 Àû¾úÀ½

 
3. Preparation of the Root Canal System (II)
   

1) Morison ME, Holcomb JB. The MCV Crown-Down Technique: A Modified Alternative Coronal Flaring Approach for Endodontics. Virginia Dent J 65:32-38, 1988.

   

*Crown-down tech ¼³¸í

#apical foramen±îÁö ´õ straight access °¡´É, tactile sensationÁõ°¡, ±â±¸ÆÄÀýÃÖ¼ÒÈ­, ¼¼Ã´½Éµµ Áõ°¡, Ä¡±Ù´Ü µµ´ÞÀü ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °¨¿° Ä¡¼öÁ¦°Å, piston in cylinder effect °¨¼Ò, working length º¯È­ ¾øÀ½

  2) Alodeh MH, Doller R, Dummer PM. Shaping of simulated root canals in resin blocks using the stepback technique with K-files manipulated in a simple in/out filing motion. Int Endod J 22(3):107-117, 1989.
   

*K-fileÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ resin block¿¡¼­ step back tech Æò°¡

#K-file in-and-out filing action ½Ã, #8~15 file¿¡¼­ º¯Çü ¹× ÆÄÀý
#danger zone(Abou-Rass, 1980); wide area

  3) Greene KJ, Krell KV. Clinical factors associated with ledged canals modified alternative coronal flaring approach for endodontics. Virginia Dent J 65:32-38, 1988.
    ¾øÀ½
  4) Greene KJ, Krell KV. Clinical factors associated with ledged canals in maxillary and mandibular molars OS OM OP 70(4):490-497, 1990.
   

*ÇкΠ3ÇгâÀÌ ±Ù°üÄ¡·áÇÑ ´ë±¸Ä¡¿¡¼­ ledge ¹ß»ýÀ² Á¶»ç

#46%¿¡¼­ ledge ¹ß°ß, curvature°¡ ledge ¹ß»ý¿¡ Áß¿ä¿äÀÎ
#WL, MAF´Â °ü·Ã ¾øÀ½

  5) McKendry DJ. Comparison of balanced forces, Endosonics, and step-back filling instrumentarion technique: Quantification of extruded apical debris J Endod 16:24-, 1990.
   

*Balanced force, endosonic, step-back¿¡¼­ Æò±Õ Á¤Ã¶ debris ¾ç ÃøÁ¤

#endosonic=stepback > balance force
#Ä¡¾Æ Á¾·ù, MAF¿Í ¹«°ü

  6) Seto BG. Torsional properties of twisted and machined endodontic files. J Endod 16:355-360, 1990.
   

*Flex-R(machined K), Flex-O(twisted K)»çÀÌ ºñƲ¸² ¼ºÁú ºñ±³

#ºñƲ¸² °­µµ ºñ½Á
#º¯Çü, rotation at failure(CW>CCW), ductility´Â twisted typeÀÌ ³ô¾ÒÀ½
#µÑ´Ù smooth-ended dutile fracture

  7) Kuritani RH, McDonald NJ, Sydiskis RJ. Effect of Sterilization on Contaminated Sponges. J Endod 19(2): -, 1993.
   

*file º¸°ü½Ã »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿À¿° sponge¸¦ ¼Òµ¶½Ã °¢ ¹æ¹ý°£ È¿À²¼º È®ÀÎ

#chemical (»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±âÆ÷°¡ ÀûÀº °Í¿¡¼­¸¸ 30% ¿À¿°)
#autoclave (endo sponge¿¡¼­¸¸ 3.33% ¿À¿°)
#dry heat (sponge ³ìÀ½)

  8) Esposito PT. A comparison of canal preparation with Nickel-Titanium and stainless steel instruments. J Endod 21:173-176, 1995.
   

*K file vs NiTi file ºñ±³½Ã, ¿ø·¡ ±Ù°üÀÇ ÇüÅ À¯Áö ºñ±³

#25~30; K=NiTi
#30~45; NiTi°¡ ´õ ÁÁÀº ±Ù°ü ÇüÅ À¯Áö

 
4. Nickel-Titanium Instrumentation
 

1) Walia H, Brantley W, Gerstein H. An initial investigation of the Bending and Torsional Properties of Nitinol Root Canal files. J Endod 14(7)346-351, 1988.

   

*Nitinol·Î fileÀ» Á¦ÀÛ bending, torsional property Æò°¡

#NtinolÀÌ ´õ Å« ¿À·£ ź¼ºº¯ÇüÀÌ °¡´É
#ºñƲ¸² ÆÄÀý ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ´õ Å­

  2) Rowan M, Nicholls J, Steiner J. Torsional Properties of Stainless Steel and Nickel-Titanium Endodontic file. J Endod 22:341-345, 1996.
   

*torsional leadingÇÏ¿¡¼­ NiTi, SS K-file °£ ºñ±³

#rotation at failure CW(SS>NiTi), CWW(SS<NiTi), NiTi(CW<CWW), SS(CW>CWW)
#torque at failure, º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½

  3) Thompson SA, Dummer PMH. Shaping ability of ProFile.04 Taper Series 29 rotary nickel-titanium instruments in simulated root canals: Part1 and Part 2. Int Endod J 30:1-15, 1997.
   

*Profile ±Ù°üÇü¼º ´É·Â clear resin block¿¡¼­ Æò°¡

#20µµ8mm(good), 40µµ8mm(good), 20µµ12mm(good), 40µµ12mm(good/poor;6/4)
#canalÇüŰ¡ ÃÖÁ¾Àû ±Ù°üÇü¼º¿¡ À¯ÀÇÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä§

 

4) Beeson JJ, Martwell GR, Thorton JD, Gunsolley JC. Comparation of Debris Extruded Apically in Straight Canals: Conventional filing Versus Profile. 04 Taper Series 29. J Endod 24(1)18-22, 1998.

   

*Profile»ç¿ë½Ã Á¤Ãâ debris, irrigant¿Í apical plug Çü¼º ¿¬±¸

#K-file, Linear filling motionÀÇ °æ¿ì debris, solid plug Áõ°¡ (ƯÈ÷ ±Ù°üÀå¿¡¼­ 1mm ªÀ» ½Ã)
#Coronal flare´Â debris Á¤ÃâÀ» ÁÙ¿©ÁÜ

  5) Haikel Y, Serfaty R, Bateman G, Senger B, Allemann C. Dynamic and Cyclic Fatigue of Engine-Driven Rotary Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments. J Endod 25:434-440, 1999.
   

*Profile, Hero, QuantecÀÇ taper¿¡ µû¸¥ cyclic fatigue Æò°¡

#radius of curvature(¸¸°îÁ÷°æ) °¨¼Ò½Ãų¼ö·Ï ¼ö¸í ª¾ÆÁü
#instrument size°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ÆÄÀýÀÌ ´õ »¡¸® ÀϾ
#instrument taper°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ÆÄÀýÀÌ ´õ »¡¸® ÀϾ

  6) Peters OA, Schonenberger K, Laib A. Effects of four Ni-Ti preparation techniques on root canal geometry assessed by micro computed tomography. Int Endod J 34:221-230, 2001.
   

*GT, NiTi, lightspeed, Profile04 ±Ù°üÇü¼º°£ Â÷À̸¦ 3Â÷¿ø CT·Î ºÐ¼®

#4 ±â±¸°£ üÀû, ¸éÀû ±Ù°ü¸¸°î°£ Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½
#±â±¸ÀÛ¾÷ ÈÄ ±Ù°ü transportation; apical(123.6), mid(89.8), coronal(97.7); apical¿¡¼­ ´ëºÎºÐ ¹Ù±ùÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿
#±â±¸ÀÛ¾÷±Ù°ü Áß 35~40%ÀÇ ¸éÀûÀº Çü¼ºÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½

  7) Garala M, Kuttler S, Hardigan P, Steiner-Carmi R, Dorn S. A comparison of the minimum canal wall thickness remaining following preparation using two nickel-titanium rotary systems. Int Endod J 36:636-642, 2003.
   

*Profile, Hero642 ¼ºÇü ÈÄ ÀÜÁ¸ ±Ù°üº® µÎ²² ºñ±³

#±Ù°ü Çü¼º½Ã °Ô°ÅµÇ´Â ±Ù°üº® µÎ²²´Â ÀüüµÎ²²ÀÇ 60% ³ÑÁö ¾ÊÀ½
#±Ù°üÇü¼ºÀüÀÇ ±Ù°üµÎ²²°¡ Çü¼ºÈÄ µÎ²²¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÊ

   
5. Canal Irrigation
 

1) Abou-Rass. The effectiveness of four clinical irrigation methods on the removal of root canal debris. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 54(3):323-328, 1982.

   

*¿©·¯ ¼¼Ã´ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÇ ÀÜ»ç Á¦°Å ´É·ÂÀ» È®ÀÎ

#ÀûÀýÇÑ Ä¡°üºÎ È®´ë(taper Áõ°¡)·Î ÀÛÀº ±Ù´ÜºÎ¿¡µµ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ flush°¡ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¦¾È
#effervescent action È¿°ú ¾øÀ½
#ÀÛÀº Á÷°æÀÇ ¼¼Ã´¾× ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´Ã Ãßõ

  2) Yang SF, Rivera EM, Baumgardner KR. Anaerobic tissue-dissolving abilities of calcium hydroxide and sodium hypochloride. J Endod 21:613-616, 1995.
   

*aerobic, anerobic Á¶°ÇÇÏ¿¡ bovine pulp tissue¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·, 5.25% NaOCl, Áõ·ù¼ö °£ Á¶Á÷ ¿ëÇØ È¿°ú ºñ±³ Æò°¡

#NaOCl, ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·ÀÌ Áõ·ù¼öº¸´Ù Á¶Á÷¿ëÇØÈ¿°ú·Î %weight loos°¡ ¸¹¾ÒÀ½
#NaOCl, ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·Àº »ê¼Ò/¹«»ê¼Òȯ°æ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ½
#NaoCl(1~2ÀÏ; Á¶Á÷Å©±â°¡ Å©°Ô °¨¼Ò, 7ÀÏ; º°Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½)
#¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·(1~2ÀÏ; ºÎÇǺ¯È­¾øÀ½, 7ÀÏ; jelly like consistency)

  3) Goldman M. The efficiency of several irrigation solutions: a scanning. J Endod 82(11):487-492, 1982.
   

*NaOCl, EDTA ´Üµ¶ ȤÀº Á¶ÇÕ »ç¿ë½Ã ¼¼Ã´´É·Â Æò°¡

#µÎ¼¼Ã´Á¦¸¦ µ¿½Ã¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© µµ¸»Ãþ Á¦°Å°¡´É
#µµ¸»Ãþ ºÎºÐ¿¡ À¯±âÁ¶Á÷ ºÎºÐÀÌ Á¸Àç°¡´É; ÃÖÁ¾¼¼Ã´À» NaOCl Ãßõ

  4) Harrison JW. Irrigation of the root canal system. North Am Dent Clinics 28(4):797-808, 1984.
   

*±Ù°ü¼¼Ã´Á¦ °íÂû

#NaOCl; 4¼¼±âµ¿¾È ±Ù°ü¼¼Ã´Á¦·Î »ç¿ë, 5.25% ³óµµ¿¡´Â ³í¶õÀÌ ÀÖÀ½
#¿Âµµ; 37µµ·Î Áõ°¡½Ã È¿°ú Áõ°¡ (Cunningham)
#¿¡³ÊÁö; UltrasonicÀÌ ÁõÁø
#final flush; 10ml 17% EDTA ÈÄ 10ml 5.25% NaOClÀÌ °¡Àå È¿°úÀû (Yamada)
#Èñ¼®; 2.6% Èñ¼®½Ã ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ ÆÄ±«½Ã°£ 3¹è·Î Áõ°¡, Á¶Á÷¿ëÇØÈ¿°ú 72%¿¡¼­ 26%·Î °¨¼Ò
#H2O2 µ¿¹Ý»ç¿ë(effervescence); ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú ¾øÀ½

  5) Bystrom A, Sundqvist G. The antibacterial action of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in 60 cases of endodontic therapy. Int Endod J. 18(1):35-40, 1985.
   

*¼¼Ã´ ¿ë¾×À¸·Î¼­ sodium hypochlorite¿Í EDTAÀÇ ÀÓ»óÈ¿°ú¸¦ ¼¼±ÕÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Æò°¡

#0.5, 5%ÀÇ NaOCl ³óµµ´Â º° Â÷ÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ½
#NaOClÀº ±Ù°ü³»¿¡ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ±¸¿ªÀ¸·Î ħÅõ°¡ ¾î·Á¿ò

  6) Ehrich DG, Brian JD Jr, Walker WA. Sodium hypochlorite accident: inadvertent injection into the maxillary sinus. J Endod. 19(4):180-182, 1993.
   

*NaOClÀÌ »ó¾Çµ¿³»¿¡ ºÎÁÖÀÇÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÀÔµÈ Áõ·Ê º¸°í

#´çÀÏ; ºÒÄèÇÏ°í ¸ñÀÌ ¾¸, ±¸Àει°¼¼Ã´ÈÄÈíÀÎ, »ó¾Çµ¿ ÃæÇ÷°¨, ÀÛ¿­°¨ ´À³¦, ºÎÁ¾/ÃâÇ÷Àº ¾øÀ½
#´ÙÀ½³¯; ¹Ì¾à Ä¡Åë, »ó¾Çµ¿ ¿ïÇ÷, ÄÚÇ®¶§ ¼Ò·® °¥»ö¹°Áú
#4ÀÏÈÄ; ¹«Áõ»ó, »ó¾Çµ¿ ¿ïÇ÷¾øÀ½, ¼³Ãø±Ù°ü¿¡¼­ Àå¾×¼º ¾×ü
#27ÀÏÈÄ; ±Ù°üÃæÀü
#¿©·Á ÇØºÎÇÐÀû À§Ä¡¸¦ °í·Á½Ã ´©¿î »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¼¼Ã´¾×ÀÇ ¹èÃâÀÌ ½¬¿ï °ÍÀÓ

   
6. Intracanal Medication
   

1) Bystrom A. Sundqvist G. Bacteriologic evaluaion of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scan J Dentl Res 89:321-328, 1981.

   

*±â°èÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇüÀÇ °¨¿°Á¦°ÅÀÇ È¿°ú Á¶»ç

#saline ¼¼Ã´À» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ ±â°èÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇüÀÌ ±Ù°ü³» ¼¼±ÕÀÇ ¼ö¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ´
#¸¹Àº °æ¿ì¿¡¼­ ¼¼Ã´Àº ±Ù°ü³» ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¸¦ ³²°ÜµÎ¹Ç·Î disinfectantÀÇ ºÎ°¡ÀûÀÎ È¿°ú°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÓ

  2) Trope M. Relationship of intracananl medicaments to endodontic flare-ups. Endod Dent Traumatol 6:226-229, 1990.
   

*emergency-1-5) ¿Í µ¿ÀÏ

*±Ù°ü³» ÷¾àÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾·ù¿Í flare-up °ü°è Á¶»ç

#formocresol, ledermix(TC+corticosteroid), calcium hedroxide¸¦ ÷¾×Á¦·Î »ç¿ë
#flare-up 12/474 ¹ß»ý; ¸ðµÎ Ä¡±Ù´Ü Åõ°ú»óÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â »óÅÂ, 6(Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·áÁß), 6(ù±Ù°üÄ¡·áÁß)
#flare-upÀº ±Ù´ÜºÎ ¹æ»ç¼± Åõ°ú»óÀÇ ¾ç»óÀÌ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ½
#flare-up ¹ß»ýÀ²Àº ±Ù°ü³» medication »ç¿ë°ú ¹«°üÇϸç 3°¡Áö ÷¾à°£ Â÷ÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ½

  3) Orstavic D, Haapasalo M. Disinfecion by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol 6:142-149, 1990.
   

*E. faecalis(EF), S. Sanguis(SS), E. coli(EC), P. aeruginosa(PA)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ë ¼ÒÀÇ »ó¾ÆÁú ½ÃÆí¿¡¼­ °¨¿°¼Óµµ,±íÀÌ ¿µ¾ç°ø±ÞÈÄÁßÁöÀ², ¼¼Ã´/÷¾àÀÇ È¿°ú ºÐ¼®

#¼Ò»ó¾ÆÁú °¨¿° : EF(¼¼°ü Àüü ±íÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô °¨¿°), SS(¿ÏÀü°¨¿° 2Áְɸ²), EC(°¨¿°±â°£Áõ°¡½ÃÄѵµ ÀûÀº ¼ö¸¸ 600um), PA(±Ø¼Ò¼ö¸¸ÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô °¨¿°)
#¿µ¾çÁßÁöÈÄ »ýÁ¸ : EF(7ÀÏÀÌ»ó »ýÁ¸), SS, PA(4½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó»ýÁ¸, 24½Ã°£ÈÄ »ç¸ê), EC(¸Å¿ìºü¸£°Ô»ç¸ê)
#÷¾à¿¡ ÀúÇ× : EF(CMCP¿¡ 1ÀÏ ÀúÇ×, CaOH 10ÀÏ ÀÌ»ó ÀúÇ×), ³ª¸ÓÁö 1ÀÏÀ̳» ¸ðµÎ ¼Ò¸ê, µµ¸»Ãþ Á¸Àç½Ã ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½· È¿°ú °¨¼Ò, CMCP´Â µµ¸»Ãþ°ú ¹«°üÇϳª ³ôÀº Ãʱ⠾àÈ¿¿¡ ºñÇØ È¿°ú »¡¸® »ç¶óÁü
#¼¼Ã´¾× ħÅõ; iodine potassium iodide(IKI)(1000umÀÌ»óħÅõ), 5.25% NaOCl(200~300umħÅõ), 0.2% CHx(100~300umħÅõ), EDTA(0um)

  4) Chong BS, Pitt Ford TR. The role of intracanal medication in root canal treatment. Int J Endod 25:97-106, 1992.
   

*±Ù°ü³» ÷¾àÁ¦ °íÂû

*±Ù°ü ³» ÷¾à ÀûÀÀÁõ
#±Ù°ü³» ÀÜÁ¸ ¼¼±ÕÁ¦°Å(¾àÁ¦È¥ÇÕ, È¥ÇÕ ¼¼±ÕÃþ¿¡ ¿µÇâ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¾Ë·¯Áö, ÀúÇ× ±ÕÁÖ Å°¿ò)
#¿°Áõ°ú Ä¡¼öÀÜÁ¸¹° °¨¼Ò(³»¿ø°£ µ¿Åë°¨¼Ò¿¡ ÷¾àÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ¾øÀ½)
#±Ù°üºñȰ¼ºÈ­, Á¶ÁøÀÜÁ¸¹° ÁßÈ­(Á¶Á÷°íÁ¤, NaOCl¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ¸ç ¸é¿ª ¾Ë·¯Áö ¹ÝÀÀ)
#ÀÓ½ÃÃæÀü¹°À» À§ÇÑ ´©ÃâÀÇ ¹æ¾î¸·(¾àÁ¦º¸´Ù ÀÓ½ÃÃæÀü¹°ÀÌ Áß¿ä, ZOE Ãßõ, FC,CMCP,metacresylate´Â ÀÓ½ÃÃæÀü¹°À» ¿¬È­½ÃŰ´Â ÷¾àÁ¦ÀÓ)
#weeping canalÀÇ ÇØ¼Ò(¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·ÀÌ Ãßõ)

  5) Sjogren U, Figdor D, Spangberg L, Sundqvist G. The antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal dressing. Int Endod J 24:119-125, 1991.
   

*¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·ÀÇ Ã·¾à ±â°£¿¡ µû¸¥ Ç×±ÕÈ¿°ú Æò°¡

#10ºÐ Àû¿ëº¸´Ù´Â 7ÀÏ Àû¿ëÈÄ ¼¼±Õ¼ö °¨¼Ò, 10ºÐ Àû¿ëÀº ºñÈ¿°úÀûÀÓ

  6) Barthel CR, Zimmer S, West G, Roulet JF. Bacterial leakage in obturated root canals following the use of different intracanal medicaments. Endod Dent Traumatol 16:282-286, 2000.
   

*÷¾àÀÌ Ä¡°üºÎ ¹Ì¼¼´©Ãâ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â È¿°ú Á¶»ç

#5% CHx, ledermix, ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·, ºó±Ù°ü´ëÁ¶±ºÀ» È®ÀÎ
#¼®´Þ°£ ´©ÃâÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½
#ÀϳâÈÄ ´©Ãâ; ledermix(15/20), CHx(14/20), ºó±Ù°ü´ëÁ¶±º(13/20), ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·(6/20)
#¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·ÀÌ °¡Àå ¿ì¼öÇÑ Ä¡°üºÎ ´©Ãâ ºÀ¼â·ÂÀ» º¸¿´À½

  7) Siqueira JF Jr, Rjcas IN, Favieri A, Machado AG, Gahyva SM, Oliveira JC, Abad EC. Incidence of postoperative pain after intracanal procedures based on an antimicrobial strategy. J Endod 28(6):457-460, 2002.
   

*emergency 1-2) ¿Í µ¿ÀÏ

*±Ù°üÄ¡·á ÈÄ ¼úÈÄ µ¿ÅëÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ´Â ÀÎÀÚµéÀÇ È®ÀÎ

#¼úÈĵ¿Åë(15.2%); mild pain(10%), moderate(3.3%), severe(flare-up; 1.9%)
#Ä¡±Ù´Ü º´¼Ò¾øÀ¸³ª Áõ»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¼úÈÄ µ¿ÅëÀÌ Áõ°¡
#ÀçÄ¡·á¿Í ¼úÈĵ¿Åë °ü·Ã ¾øÀ½, apical patency È®º¸ °ü·Ã¾øÀ½

   
7. Gutta-Percha (Physical Properties)
 

1) Marlin J, Schilder H. Physical Properties of gutta-percha when subjected to heat and vertical condensation. Oral Surg 36:872-879, 1973.

   

*¼öÁ÷ ¿­°¡¾Ð ÃæÀü½Ã gutta-perch(GP)ÀÇ ºÎÇÇ¿Í ¿­Àü´ÞÀ» ºÐ¼®

#ÃæÀüÈÄ GPÀÇ ÆØÃ¢À¸·Î ÃæÀüÀçÀÇ ºÎÇǰ¡ ±Ù°ü¼ºÇüüÀûº¸´Ù À¯ÀÇÇÏ°Ô Å©°Ô ³ªÅ¸³²(1ÁÖÈÄ 6.8%, 1°³¿ùÈÄ 3.1%)
#ÃæÀü¿Ï·á´Â ¿­°¡ÇÑ ÈÄ 8ºÐÈÄ¿¡(±Ù´ÜºÎ¿Âµµ4C Áõ°¡, Ä¡°üºÎ 12.5C Áõ°¡), 15ºÐÈÄ¿¡´Â ¿Âµµ°¨¼Ò(ü¿ÂÀ¸·Î º¹±ÍÇϱâÀü ÃæÀü ¿Ï·á)

  2) Goodman A, Schilder H, Aldrick W. The thermomehanical properties of gutta-percha. II. The history and molecular chemistry of gutta-percha. Oral Surg 37:954-961, 1974.
   

*GPÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿Í È­ÇÐ ±¸Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í

#°ú°Å mazer wood°¡ GP
#Àü½ÅÇǺ¹, ÄÚ¸£Å©, ½Ã¸àÆ®, thread, ¿Ü°ú±â±¸, ÀÇ·ù, ÆÄÀÌÇÁ, ¹è¿ÜÀåÀç, Áöµµ, ±Û·¯ºê, ¾Ç±â, Ãдë, ¾ç¸»´ë´Ô, Ä«Æê, ¸ÞÆ®¸®½º, º£°Ô, ÅÙÆ®, ¿ì»ê µîµî¿¡ »ç¿ë, °ñÇÁ°øÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ¸ðµÎ ±â¾ï¼ÓÀ¸·Î »ç¶óÁü
#GP; ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÈ isoprene ÁßÇÕü, trans poly isoprene(Cis poly isopreneÀÎ ÀÚ¿¬ °í¹«¿¡ ºñÇØ °áÁ¤ÀÌ ´õ ±æ°í Àß °áÁ¤È­µÊ, ´õ ´Ü´ÜÇϰí brittle, elastic)
#¿Âµµ¸¦ ³·Ãß´Â 2°¡Áö ¹æ¹ý; crystalization(odered), vitrification(random-freezing)
#¥á; ³ª¹«¿¡¼­ ¹Ù·Î 䵿ÇÑ ÇüÅÂ, 65µµ À̻󿡼­ amorphous »óÅÂ, 0.5C/ºÐ À¸·Î ³Ã°¢½Ã ¥áÇü Àç°áÁ¤, ºÐÀڹݺ¹±¸°£(8.8A)
#¥â; 56µµ À̻󿡼­ amorphous »óÅÂ, ºÐÀڹݺ¹±¸°£(4.7A)

  3) Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrick W. The thermomehanical properties of gutta-percha. III. Determination of phase transition temperatures for gutta-percha. Oral Surg 38:109-114, 1974.
   

*´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦Á¶»çÀÇ GP¿¡ ºÐ´ç 10µµÀÇ ¿Âµµ¸¦ °¡ÇØ GPÀÇ »óº¯È­ ¿Âµµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤

#¥â -> ¥á (42~49µµ)
#¥á -> amorphous (53~59µµ)
#°¡°øÁ¤Á¦¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª È¥ÇÕ¼ººÐÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾îÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¦Ç°Àº Çѹø¸¸ÀÇ »óº¯È­¸¦ °®¾ÒÀ½

  4) Sorin SM, Oliet S, Pearlstein F. Rejuvenation of aged (brittle) endodontic gutta-percha cones. J Endod 5:233-238, 1979.
   

*GP°¡ agingÀ¸·Î brittleÇØÁö´Â ÀÌÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸

#Aging µÇ¸é¼­ brittle ÇØÁö´Â Çö»óÀº oxidation process·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ³»ºÎ¿¡ °áÁ¤ÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÓ, Áï ³ôÀº ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­ ³ì°í °áÁ¤ÀÌ ¸¹Àº ¥áÇüÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤

#Rejuvenile °úÁ¤; 55µµº¸´Ù ³ôÀº ¿ÂµµÀÇ ¹°¿¡ 5~60Ãʰ£ ´ã±Ù ÈÄ, Â÷°¡¿î ¹°(20µµÀÌÇÏ)¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ½ÄÈ÷¸é º¹¿ø

  5) Senia ES, Marraro RV, Mitchell JL, Lewis AG, Thomas L. Rapid sterilization of gutta-percha cones with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. J Endod 1:136-140, 1975.
   

*GP cone sterilizationÀ» À§ÇÑ 5.25% NaOClÀÇ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ Á¦°Å È¿°ú¸¦ ºÐ¼®

#1ºÐ°£ ¼Òµ¶ÇÑ °æ¿ì È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¼Òµ¶ °¡´É
#B. SubtilisÀÇ vegetable form°ú spore formÀº ¼Òµ¶¿¡ ´õ±ä ½Ã°£ ÇÊ¿ä

  6) Senia ES, Marraro RV, Mitchell JL. Cold sterilization of gutta-percha cones with formocresol vapors. J Am Dent Assoc 94:887-890, 1977.
   

*GP ¼Òµ¶À» À§ÇØ FC vaporÀÇ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ Á¦°Å È¿°ú ºÐ¼®

#FC = formaldehyde(bactericidal, sporicidal) + cresol(vegetable, fungi¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀ̳ª virus¿¡ È¿°úÀû°í, spore¿¡ È¿°ú ¾øÀ½0 + glycerin
#FC´Â gram +, -, spore Çü¼º ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ È¿°úÀû

   
8. Root Canal Sealer
 

1) Grossman LI. Physical properties of root canal cements. J Endod 2:166-175, 1976.

   

*¿©·¯°¡Áö ½Ç·¯ÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû ¼ºÁúÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº½

#ÀÔÀÚÅ©±â; AH26>N2>ZOE>diaket
#È帧¼º; ÀÔÀÚÅ©±â¿Í ¹«°ü
#°æÈ­½Ã°£ ºü¸¥¼ø; N2, diaket, ZOE, AH26, ÀÔÀÚÅ©±â¿Í ¹«°ü
#Á¢Âø·Â; AH26>diaket>N2
#üÀûº¯È­; diaket ÀûÀ¸³ª N2,AH26,ZOE üÀûº¯È­ Å­

  2) Branstetter J, von Fraunhofer JA. The physical properties and sealing action of endodontic sealer cements: a review of the literature. J Endod 8:312-316, 1982.
   

*½Ç·¯ÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû ¼ºÁú°ú Æó¼â´É·ÂÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº½

#½Ç·¯ÀÇ ¼ºÁú ƯÁ¤±âÁØ ¾øÀ½
#¼öºÐÈí¼ö·Î üÀûÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© °áÇÕÀº ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó Áõ°¡

  3) Cohen T, Gutmann J, Wagner M. An assessment in vitro of the sealing properties of calciobiotic root canal sealer. Int Endod J 18:172-178, 1985.
   

*CRCS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Àü±â´©Ãâ ½ÇÇè

#¼ú½Ä, ÇØºÎÇÐÀûÀÎ º¯ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ ´©ÃâÀÌ ÀϾ

  4) Kazemi RB, Safavi KE, Spangberg LSW. Dimensional changes of endodontic sealers. Oral Surg 76:766-771, 1993.
   

*À¯Ã¼Ä¡È¯¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ½Ç·¯ÀÇ Ã¼Àû ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» Á¶»ç

#disintegration; ZOE(5.48%), Endofil(2.05%), Endomethasone(1.34%), AH26(0)
#°áÈ­ zinc eugenolate°¡ hydrolysis reactionÀ» À¯¹ßÇϸç À̶§ ¹Ì¹ÝÀÀ À¯Áö³îÀÌ ¹æÃâ
#´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ½Ç·¯°¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀΠüÀûº¯È­¿Í ¿ëÇØÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å´

  5) Gerosa R, Menegazzi G, Borin M, Cavalleri G. Cytotoxicity evaluation of six root canal sealers. J Endod 21:446-448, 1995.
   

*½Ç·¯ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷µ¶¼ºÀ» Æò°¡

#endomethasone(hydrocortisoneÀÌ µ¶¼º¿¡ ¿µÇâ)
#Rocanal R2(o-phenilphenolÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© µ¶¼º)
#AH26(toxic epoxide bisphenol resin, °æÈ­Áß formaldehyde ¹æÃâ)

   
9. Obturation of the Root Canal System
 

1) Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am 11:723-744, 1967.

   

*±Ù°üÃæÀü ¹æ¹ý °íÂû

#Callahan-Johnson diffusion tech; ±Ù°üÀ» chlororosinÀ¸·Î ü¿îµÚ Ãø¹æ°¡¾Ð¹ý
#Nygaard-Ostby tech; ±Ù°üÀ» ¹Ì¼¼ GPÁ¶°¢°ú chlororosinÀ¸·Î ü¿îµÚ Ãø¹æ°¡¾Ð¹ý
#Lateral condensation
#Vertical condensation with warm GP

#overextension and iunderextension; ±Ù÷ ³»¿Ü·Î ¼öÁ÷ÀûÀÎ ÃæÀüÀÇ ÁøÇà
#overfilling; 3Â÷¿øÀûÀ¸·Î ÃæÀüÇÏÁö¸¸ À׿©Àç·á°¡ ±Ù´ÜºÎ¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼¶
#underfilling; ±Ù°ü³» ÀúÃæÀü °ø°£À» ³²°ÜµÐ »óÅÂ

  2) Yee FS, Marlin J, Krakow AA, Gron P. Three-dimensional obturation of the root canal using injection-molded, thermoplasticized dental gutta-percha. J Endod 3:168-174, 1977.
   

*¿­¿¬È­ÁÖ»ç GP¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ±Ù°üÃæÀü°¡´É¼ºÀ» Æò°¡

#ÃÖ¼Ò 22 gauge needle¿¡¼­ GPÀÇ ¹èÃâ °¡´É
#fin like extension, cul de sac ºÎÀ§ ÃæÀü °¡´É
#´©ÃâÀº Ãø¹æ°¡¾Ð¹ý°ú À¯»çÇßÀ½

  3) Allison DA, Michelich RJ, Walton RE. The influence of master cone adaptation on the quality of the apical seal. J Endod 7:61-65, 1981.
   

*master cone adaptation°ú Ä¡±Ù´Ü ¹ÐÆó °ü°è Á¶»ç

#master cone ÀûÇÕÀº ´©Ãâ¿¡ °ü°è ¾øÀ½
#speader°¡ ±Ù°üÀå¿¡¼­ 1mm ª°Ô µé¾î°¡Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ´©ÃâÀÌ ÀϾ

  4) Kersten HW, Fransman R, Thoden van Velzen SK. Thermomechanical compaction of gutta-percha. I. A Comparison of several compaction procedures. Int Endod J 19:125-133, 1986.
   

*thermomechanical ÃæÀü¹ý°ú ±× ÃæÀüÀÇ ÁúÀ» »ìÆìº½

*ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹æ¹ý
#ÀûÀý master cone ¼±ÅÃ
#WLº¸´Ù 0.5~1.0mm ªÀº °÷±îÁö ¸Â´Â compaction ±â±¸ ¼±ÅÃ
#WLº¸´Ù 3~4mm ªÀº °÷±îÁö compaction ±â±¸°¡ µé¾î°¡Áö ¾Ê´Â Á¤µµ±îÁö auxillary cone »ðÀÔ
#±â±¸ÀÛµ¿ 9,000~12,000 rpm

  5) Glickman GN, Gutmann JL. Contemporary perspectives on canal obturation. Dent Clin North Am 36:327-341, 1992.
   

*±Ù°üÃæÀü¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸®ºä

#lateral condensation(1914, Callahan); master cone 0.5~1.0mmÀ̳» À§Ä¡, spreader 1.0mm À̳» À§Ä¡
#º¯Çü; cone tipÀ» ¿Â¼ö³ª ¼Öº¥Æ®·Î ¿¬È­, cone Àû¿ëÈÄ ¿­°¡¾Ð, È­ÇÐÁ¦»ç¿ë; CRCS(30% eucalyptolÆ÷ÇÔ), Wach's sealer(canadian balsamÆ÷ÇÔ)
#vertical condensation(1967, Schilder ´ëÁßÈ­)
#¿­¿¬È­GPÁÖ»ç; obtura(160µµ, tip¿¡¼­´Â 55~60µµ), Ultrafil(70µµ, tip¿¡¼­´Â 38~44µµ)
#Endotec(system Bºñ½Á); warm lateral condensation½Ã »ç¿ë, slow setting sealer»ç¿ë
#Core carrier tech; thermafil, Alphaseal(K fileÀÌ ÄÚ¾î), Successfil(Titanium ÄÚ¾î »ç¿ë)

   
10. Re-treatment
 

1) Farzaneh M, Abitbol S, Friedman S. Treatment Outcome in Endodontics: The Toronto Study. Phases I and II: Orthograde Retreatment. J Endod 30(9):627-633, 2004.

   

*Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·á¸¦ follow upÇÏ¿© ¿¹ÈÄ Æò°¡

#PAI(periapical index: 3ÀÌ»ó½Ã Ä¡±Ù´Ü º´¼Ò ÀÖÀ½)
#Ä¡±Ù´Ü Ä¡ÁÖ¿° ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì, ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ À¯ÀǼº ÀÖ°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¿ä¼Ò ¾øÀ½(¼º°øÀ² 97%)
#Ä¡±Ù´Ü Ä¡ÁÖ¿° ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì, perforation À¯¹«°¡ ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÜ

*Ä¡·á°á°ú¿¡ À¯ÀǼº ÀÖ´Â ¿¹Ãø ¿ä¼Ò
#follow up½Ã Ä¡°üºÎ ¼öº¹¹°
#¼úÀü õ°ø
#ÃæÀüÀÇ Áú
#Ä¡±Ù´Ü Ä¡ÁÖ¿° (°¡ÀåÅ« ¿µÇâ)

  2) Pagonis T, Fong, Cheng D, Hasselgren G. Retreatment Decisions - A Comparison Between General Practitioners and Endodontic Postgraduates. J Endod 26(4):240-241, 2000.
   

*Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·á¸¦ °èȹÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î ÀϹÝÀÇ¿Í ±Ù°üÄ¡·á ¼ö·ÃÀǰ£ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ È®ÀÎ

#¼ö·ÃÀÇ´Â 1³â Á¤µµÀÇ ±Ù°üÄ¡·á¸¦ Æò°¡Çϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î Á»´õ ±â´Ù·Áº¸·Á´Â °æÇâ ÀÖÀ½(Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·á°¡ ³·Àº ¼º°øÀ²À» º¸ÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁöÇÏ´Â µí)
#ÀιÝÀÇ´Â Á»´õ °úµµÇÑ Ä¡·á, Á»´õ »¡¸® ½ÃÇàÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖÀ½

  3) Hoen M, Pink FE. Contemporary Endodontic Retreatments: An Analysis based on Clinical Treatment Findings. J Endod 28(12):834-836, 2002.
   

*Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·á °ü·Ã ÀÓ»ó, ¹æ»ç¼± ÇÐÀû ¿ä¼Ò ºÐ¼®

#ÀçÄ¡·á ºñÀ² ±¸Ä¡(58%)>¼Ò±¸Ä¡,°ßÄ¡
#Ä¡±Ù´Ü ¹æ»ç¼± Åõ°ú¼º Á¸Àç 84%
#missed canal 42%
#°úÃæÀüº¸´Ù ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÃæÀüÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖÀ½; ºÒ¿ÏÀü ÃæÀüÀº ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ±â±¸Á¶ÀÛ°ú °ü·Ã Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡

 

4) Ward J, Parashos P, Messer HH. Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Technique to Remove Fractured Rotary Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments from Root Canals: Clinical Cases. J Endod 29(11):764-767, 2003.

   

*ÆÄÀý±â±¸¸¦ ultrasonic vibrationÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÇ È¿À²¼º Æò°¡

#16/24¼º°ø -> ¸¸°îÇϹæÀÇ °æ¿ì 1/9¼º°ø

*ÆÄÀý±â±¸ óġ¹ý(Fors and Berg)
#coronal1/3; ±â±¸Àâ°í Á¦°Å
#mid1/3; bypass, ±×·¯³ª ±â±¸ÇϹ濡 ±«»çÁ¶Á÷ ÀÜÁ¸½Ã Á¦°Å
#apical1/3; ¹¯¾îµÎ°í ÃæÀü, ÇÊ¿ä½Ã ¿Ü°úÀû ¹æ¹ý

  5) Sundqvist G, Fidgor D, Persson S, Sjogren U. Microbiologic analysis of Teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg 85:86-93, 1998.
   

*ÀçÄ¡·á ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿ä¼Ò È®ÀÎ, ¼º°øÀ² È®ÀÎ, ¹Ì»ý¹° ºÐ¼®

#9/54 E.faecalis ¹ß°ß, ¹ß°ß½Ã 66%ÀÇ ¼º°øÀ²
#ÃÑ ÀçÄ¡·á ¼º°øÀ² 74%
#ÃæÀü ÈÄ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¼¼±ÕÀÇ Æ¯Â¡; Å뼺,Àý´ë Çø±â¼º ºñ½ÁÇÑ ºñÀ²·Î Á¸ÀçÇϸç gram+°¡ ÁÖ°¡µÈ ´Üµ¶°¨¿° ¾ç»ó
#Ä¡·áµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ±Ù°ü °¨¿°ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡; gram +,-,Àý´ëÇø±â¼ºÀÇ º¹ÇÕ°¨¿°

  6) Ruddle CJ. Nonsurgical Retreatment. J Endod 30(12):827-845, 2004.
   

*ºñ¿ÜÀû ÀçÄ¡·á ¹æ¹ý Á¦½Ã

#Post Á¦°Å¹ý; Rotosonic vibration, ultrasonic, mechanical option(Masseran Kit, Post puller, Gonon post extractor, Post removal system;PRS)
#Coronal radicular access¹ý; coronal access(orifice¿¡ Á÷¼±Àû Á¢±Ù, flaring), radicular access(GG drill 1,2¹ø ±â±¸ ¸Ó¸® Àû¿ë), stage plateform(ÃÊ±ÝÆÄ±â±¸;ºÎ·¯Áø ±â±¸Ãø¸é trephine, º¯ÇüGG; platform Çü¼º)
#Á¦°Å¹æ¹ý; ultrasonic, microtube removal method(Lasso&Anchor, Tube&Glue, Tap&thread;Å«, Masseran;Å« kit, Spinal tap needle;H file, EndoExtractor, Meisinger Meitrac;Å«, Instrument removal system;ultra½ÇÆÐ½Ã)

   
11. One-visit Endodontics
 

1) Inamoto K, Kojima K, Nagamatsu K, Hamaguchi A, Nakata K, Nakamura H. A Survey of the Incidence of Single-Visit Endodontics. J Endod 28(5):371-374, 2002.

   

*¹Ì±¹ ±Ù°üÄ¡·á Àü¹®ÀÇ ¿¡°Ô ÁïÀÏÄ¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼³¹®Á¶»ç

#ÁïÀϱٰüÃæÀüÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì; vital(55.8%), infected canal(34.4%)
#ÁïÀÏ ÃæÀü ÈÄ ¹®Á¦ ¹ß»ý °æÇè; 34.2%
#±Ù°üÃæÀü Àü °í·Á»çÇ×; Dry canal(68%), Áõ»ó¾øÀ½(39%), »ïÃâ¹°¾øÀ½(39%)
#³»¿ø°£ ¾àÁ¦(71%°¡ »ç¿ë); ¼ö»êÈ­Ä®½·(90%)
#ÀÓÄ¡ÃæÀü Àç·á; Cavit(68.2%), ZOE(58.2%)
#¼¼Ã´Á¦(100%»ç¿ë); NaOCl(95.5%), EDTA(44.2%)

  2) Direnzo A, Gresla T, et al. Postoperative pain after 1- and 2-visit root canal therapy. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 93:605-610, 2002.
   

*ÁïÀÏÃæÀü, ´Ùȸ³»¿ø°£ ¼úÈÄ ÅëÁõÀÇ ºóµµ, Á¤µµ Æò°¡ ºÐ¼®

#¼úÈÄ ÅëÁõÀº ¼úÀüÁø´Ü, Ä¡¾ÆÀ§Ä¡¿Í ¹«°ü
#ÁïÀÏ, ´Ùȸġ·á°£ Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½

 

3) Peters LB, Wesselink PR. Periapical healing of endodontically treated teeth in one and two visits obturated in the presence or absence of detectable microorganisms. Int Endod J 35:660-667, 2002.

   

*ÁïÀÏ, ´Ùȸ ÃæÀü°ú ±Ù°üÃæÀüÀü ¾ç¼º,À½¼º ¹è¾çÀ» °¡Áø Ä¡¾ÆÀÇ Ä¡±Ù´Ü º´¼Ò Ä¡À¯¸¦ Æò°¡

#ÁïÀÏ, ´Ùȸ ³»¿ø°£ ±Ù´ÜºÎ Åõ°ú»ó Ä¡À¯¿¡ Å« Â÷ÀÌ ¾øÀ½
#±Ù°üÃæÀü Àü ¾ç¼º ¹è¾çÀÌ Ä¡·á°á°ú¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀ½

  4) Pekruhn RB. The incidence of failure following single-visit endodontic therapy. J Endod 12:68-72, 1986.
   

*ÁïÀϱٰüÄ¡·á ÈÄ ½ÇÆÐÀ¯Çü Æò°¡

#Æò±Õ½ÇÆÐÀ² 5.2%
#Áõ»óÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í ±Ù´ÜºÎ º´¼Ò¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÑ °æ¿ì ³ôÀº ½ÇÆÐÀ² º¸¿´À½

  5) Eleazer PD, Eleazer KR. Flare-up rate in pulpally necrotic molars in one-visit versus two-visit endodontic treatment. J Endod 24:614-616, 1998.
   

*Ä¡¼ö±«»ç¸¦ º¸¿´´ø ´ë±¸Ä¡¸¦ ÁïÀÏ, ´Ùȸġ·á ½ÃÇà½Ã flare-up ¹ß»ýÀ² ºñ±³

*ÁïÀÏ ±Ù°ü ÃæÀü¿¡¼­ ÀûÀº flare-up º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÌÀ¯
#Ãʱâ±Ù°üÆó¼â·Î ÀڱؿøÀÌ ³»¿ø ±â°£ Áß ÀçħÅõ ¾î·Á¿ò
#³»¿ø°£ ¾àÁ¦°¡ ¾ø¾î ¸é¿ª ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ½

#flare-up; ¼ºº°Â÷ ¾øÀ¸¸ç 1´ë±¸Ä¡°¡ 2´ë±¸Ä¡º¸´Ù 2~3¹èÀÇ flare-up ¹ß»ý
#Ç×»ýÁ¦ »ç¿ë ¿©ºÎ´Â À¯ÀǼºÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª flare-up ºóµµ¸¦ ³·Ãã

   
12. Success/failure of nonsurgical endodontics
 

1) Chugal NM, Clive JM, Spangberg LS. Endodontic infection: some biologic and treatment factorsassociated with outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 96(1):81-90, 2003.

   

*±Ù°üÄ¡·á°á°ú¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ÀÎÀÚ Á¶»ç

#±âÁ¸ ±Ù´ÜºÎ º´¼ÒÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ³ôÀº ½ÇÆÐ¾ç»óÀ» º¸ÀÓ
#Á¤»óÄ¡±Ù´ÜÀÇ °æ¿ì ±Ù°üÀåÀÇ À§Ä¡°¡ ¿¹ÈÄ¿¡ ¹®Á¦µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ±Ù´ÜºÎ º´¼Ò°¡ Àְųª ±«»çÄ¡¼öÀÇ °æ¿ì ¹æ»ç¼±ÇÐÀû ±Ù÷¿¡ °¡±î¿ï ¼ö·Ï ¿¹Èİ¡ ÁÁÀ½(°í·Î ¹æ»ç¼±ÇÐÀû ±Ù÷ 2mm³» ÃæÀü)
#±Ù°üÃæÀü ¹Ðµµ°¡ ¶³¾îÁú °æ¿ì ½ÇÆÐ À§Çè Áõ°¡

  2) Heling I, Gorfil C, Slutzky H, Kopolovic K, Zalkind M, Slutzky-Goldberg I. Endodontic failure caused by inadequate restorative procedures: review and treatment recommendations. J Prosthet Dent 87(6):674-678, 2002.
   

*ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ ±Ù°üÄ¡·á·Î ÀÎÇÑ ±Ù°üÄ¡·á ½ÇÆÐ ¸®ºä

#Post space prep½Ã Ä¡±Ù´Ü GP ÃÖ¼Ò 3mm ³²±è, °¡´ÉÇÑ 6mm ³²±è, °úÁ¤Áß ±Ù°ü¼¼Ã´ Ãßõ(CMCP´Â E. faecalis¿¡ È¿°úÀû)
#Post space¿¡¼­ GP Á¦°Å½Ã ¼úÈÄ ´©Ãâ; heated plugger »ç¿ë(good)<GG(»ó´ëÀû ´©Ãâ ¸¹À½)
#±Ù´ÜÃæÀü¹æ¹ý, ½Ç·¯ Á¾·ù¿¡ µû¸¥ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¾øÀ½
#±Ù°üÃæÀüÈÄ Áï½Ã post ½Ã¼ú½Ã ´©Ãâ °¨¼Ò
#post Á¾·ù´Â ´©Ãâ¿¡ °ü°è ¾øÀ¸³ª cement Á¾·ù´Â °ü·ÃÀÖÀ½ -> post ÁÖº¯ºÎÀÇ ´©Ã⺸´Ù Ä¡°üºÎ ´©ÃâÀÌ ´õ Áß¿ä
#ÀÓ½ÃÃæÀüÀç; IRMÀÌ cavit, termº¸´Ù ´õ ÁÁÀº °­µµ, ÀûÀº ´©Ãâ
#3°³¿ù ÀÌ»ó coronal seal ºØ±«½Ã Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·á

  3) Siqueira Jr JF. Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: why well-treated teeth can fail. Int Endod J 34(1):1-10, Review, 2001.
   

*±Ù°üÄ¡·á ½ÇÆÐ ¿äÀÎ ¸®ºä

#intraradicular microbial infection; Ä¡±Ù´Ü º´¼Ò È®ÀåÀ» ¸·±âÀ§ÇÑ ¹æ¾î¸·; °ñÈí¼öºÎ À°¾ÆÁ¾À¸·Î ä¿öÁü, ¹éÇ÷±¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ Ä¡¹ÐÇÑ º® Çü¼º(¼¼±ÕÅë°ú ºÒ´É, ¼¼±Õ ºÎ»ê¹°Àº Åë°ú°¡´É)
#extraradicular microbial infection; ±¸°­³» ´ëºÎºÐ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ´Â ÀÎü¸é¿ª ±Øº¹ºÒ°¡, ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¿Ü(Actinomyces spp. and Propionibacterium propioicum), ÁÖ¿ä¸é¿ª ÀúÇ×±âÀüÀº biofilm(¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ÀϾ±â Èûµê)
#intrinsic non-microbial factor; cyst(¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ ¾øÀ½, cholesterol crystal Á¸Àç; ¼÷ÁÖ¼¼Æ÷ºÐÇØ·Î »ý¼ºµÇ³ª ¼÷ÁÖ¼¼Æ÷Á¦°Å ºÒ°¡), cyst cavity °¨¿°½Ã ¸¸¼º¿°Áõ(¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ÀϾ±â Èûµê)
#extrinsic non-microbial factor; GP°¨¿°;¸é¿ª¹ÝÀÀ, ½Ä¹°ÀÇ polysaccharide(paaperpoint, cotton wool);¼÷ÁÖ¼¼Æ÷Á¦°ÅºÒ´É

 

4) Nair PN, Sjogren U, Figdor D, Sundqvist G. Persistent periapical radiolucencies of root-filled human teeth, failed endodontic treatments, and periapical scars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 87(5):617-627, 1999.

   

*±Ù°üÄ¡·á½ÇÆÐ 6Áõ·Ê »ý°Ë °üÂû

#±Ù÷ºÐÁöºÎ¿¡ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ °üÂû; Actinomyces, Propionibacterium

*periapical cyst
#lumen ºó°ø°£
#epithelial cyst wall; ÁßÃþÆíÆò»óÇÇ
#extra epithelial connective tissue; ¼ö¸¹Àº ħÀ±¼¼Æ÷, Ç÷°ü
#cholesterol cleft Á¸Àç
#periapical scar(¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀ°ú ¼¼±Õ¾øÀ½)

  5) Friedman S, Stabholz A. Endodontic retreatment--case selection and technique. Part 1: Criteria for case selection. J Endod 12(1):28-33, 1986.
   

*Àç±Ù°üÄ¡·á Áõ·Ê¼±Åà °íÂû

#¿©·¯ÀÎÀÚ ¼Ò°³

  6) Stabholz A, Friedman S. Endodontic retreatment--case selection and technique. Part 2: Treatment planning for retreatment. J Endod 14(12):607-614, 1988.
   

*¼¼°¡Áö ÃæÀüÀç Á¦°Å ¹æ¹ý

#paste and cement; Åë»óÀûÀÎ solvent¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ëÇØ, soft(file and reamer), hard(ultrasonic)
#semisolid(GP); ±â°èÀûÁ¦°Å(¾û¼ºÇÑ ÃæÀü¹°, Á÷¼±±Ù°ü), ¿ëÇØ·Î Á¦°Å(Ä¡¹ÐÇÑ ÃæÀü, ¸¸°î±Ù°ü, ÀúÃæÀü½Ã;ledgeÁ¸Àç°¡Á¤), bypassÈÄÁ¦°Å(°úÃæÀü)
#solid material; silver cone(»­), Ⱦ´Ü¸éÀÌ µÕ±ÛÀÌ ¾ÊÀº ±Ù°ü(bypassÈÄÁ¦°Å), Ư¼ö±â±¸(Á÷¼±±Ù°ü¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤Àû »ç¿ë)

  7) Friedman S, Stabholz A, Tamse A. Endodontic retreatment--case selection and technique. 3. Retreatment techniques. J Endod 16(11):543-549, 1990.
   

*ÀçÄ¡·á¹æ¹ý Á¦½Ã

#chloroform; °¡Àå °­ÇÏ°í ºü¸£°í È¿°úÀû, Ä¡±Ù´ÜÁ¶Á÷¿¡ ÇØ·Î¿î µ¶¼º
#xylene; chloroformº¸´Ù ¿ëÇØÈ¿°ú ¶³¾îÁü, ³»¿ø°£ ÷¾àÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇØ¼­ Àå±â°£ ¿ëÇØ ¹æ¹ý
#eucalyptol; chloroformº¸´Ù Àڱؼº Àû°í È¿°úµµ ÀûÀ½, °¡¿­½Ã È¿°ú »ó½Â, antibacterial effect°¡ Ư¡
#methyl chloroform, µ¶¼º °¨¼Ò, ¾ÏÀ¯¹ß °¨¼Ò chloroformÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ëüÁ¦

 



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